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Taxation --- Compliance costs --- 336.2 --- politique fiscale --- depenses fiscales --- royaume uni --- pays de l'ocde --- Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen --- fiscaal beleid --- fiscale uitgaven --- verenigd koninkrijk --- oeso landen --- 336.2 Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief --- 336.2 Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen --- Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief --- Taxation - Compliance costs

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Banks and banking --- Financial institutions --- Costs --- Statistics --- 336.71 --- secteur tertiaire --- banques --- statistique --- pays de l'ocde --- AA / International- internationaal --- 307.32 --- 333.106 --- 333.109 --- -Financial institutions --- -Financial intermediaries --- Lending institutions --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Finance --- Money --- Bankwezen --- dienstensector --- banken --- statistiek --- oeso landen --- Bankstatistieken en kredietstatistieken. --- Kost, rendabiliteit en concurrentie in de banken. --- Veiligheid. Bankovervallen. Bankrisico's. --- -Statistics --- Statistics. --- -Bankwezen --- 336.71 Bankwezen --- -336.71 Bankwezen --- Financial intermediaries --- Costs&delete& --- Bankstatistieken en kredietstatistieken --- Kost, rendabiliteit en concurrentie in de banken --- Veiligheid. Bankovervallen. Bankrisico's

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A deep question in economics is why wages and salaries don't fall during recessions. This is not true of other prices, which adjust relatively quickly to reflect changes in demand and supply. Although economists have posited many theories to account for wage rigidity, none is satisfactory. Eschewing "top-down" theorizing, Truman Bewley explored the puzzle by interviewing--during the recession of the early 1990s--over three hundred business executives and labor leaders as well as professional recruiters and advisors to the unemployed. By taking this approach, gaining the confidence of his interlocutors and asking them detailed questions in a nonstructured way, he was able to uncover empirically the circumstances that give rise to wage rigidity. He found that the executives were averse to cutting wages of either current employees or new hires, even during the economic downturn when demand for their products fell sharply. They believed that cutting wages would hurt morale, which they felt was critical in gaining the cooperation of their employees and in convincing them to internalize the managers' objectives for the company. Bewley's findings contradict most theories of wage rigidity and provide fascinating insights into the problems businesses face that prevent labor markets from clearing.Table of Contents: Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Time and Location 4. Morale 5. Company Risk Aversion 6. Internal Pay Structure 7. External Pay Structure 8. The Shirking Theory 9. The Pay of New Hires in the Primary Sector 10. Raises 11. Resistance to Pay Reduction 12. Experiences with Pay Reduction 13. Layoffs 14. Severance Benefits 15. Hiring 16. Voluntary Turnover 17. The Secondary Sector 18. The Unemployed 19. Information, Wage Rigidity, and Labor Negotiations 20. Existing Theories 21. Remarks on Theory 22. Whereto from Here? Notes References Index Reviews of this book: In Why Wages Don't Fall During A Recession, [Truman Bewley] tackles one of the oldest, and most controversial, puzzles in economics: why nominal wages rarely fall (and real wages do not fall enough) when unemployment is high. But he does so in a novel way, through interviews with over 300 businessmen, union leaders, job recruiters and unemployment counsellors in the north-eastern United States during the early 1990s recession.Mr. Bewley concludes that employers resist pay cuts largely because the savings from lower wages are usually outweighed by the cost of denting workers' morale: pay cuts hit workers' standard of living and lower their self-esteem. Falling morale raises staff turnover and reduces productivity.Mr. Bewley's theory has some interesting implications.[and] has a ring of truth to it.--The EconomistReviews of this book: This contribution to the growing literature on behavioral macroeconomics threatens to disturb the tranquil state of macroeconomic theory that has prevailed in recent years.Bewley's argument will be hard for conventional macroeconomists to ignore, partly because of the extraordinary thoroughness and honesty with which he evidently conducted his investigation, and the sheer volume of evidence he provides.Although Bewley's work will not settle the substantive debates related to wage rigidity, it is likely to have a profound influence on the way macroeconomists construct models. In particular, the concepts of morale, fairness, and money illusion are almost certain to play a big role in macroeconomic theory. His demonstration that there exist in reality simple, robust behavioral patters that cannot plausibly be founded on traditional maximizing behabior also raises the prospect of a more empirically oriented, more behavioral macroeconomics in the future.--Peter Howitt, journal of Economic LiteratureReviews of this book: I think any scholar interested in labour markets and wage determination should read this well-written, lively, and highly stimulating book.[It] provides a fresh view and a lot of complementary background knowledge about how experienced people in the field see the employment relationship and what is actually crucial. Knowledge of this sort is all too rare in economics, and Truman Bewley's truly impressive study can serve as a role model for future investigations.--Simon G'chter, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical EconomicsTo call this book a breath of fresh air is an understatement. The direct insights are fascinating, and Truman Bewley's use of them is sharp and insightful. Labor economists and macroeconomists have a lot to think about.--Robert M. Solow, Nobel Laureate, Institute Professor of Economics, Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyTruman Bewley set out to conduct a handful of interviews with business executives to gain some theoretical inspiration, and his project blossomed into over 300 interviews with business people, labor leaders and consultants. He is truly the accidental interviewer of economics. Time and again, he found that workers behave like people, not atomistic, selfish economic agents. His insights will engage and enrage economic theorists and empiricists for years to come.--Alan Krueger, Bendheim Professor of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University

Wages. --- Recessions. --- Labor supply. --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor pool --- Work force --- Workforce --- Compensation --- Departmental salaries --- Earnings --- Pay --- Remuneration --- Salaries --- Wage-fund --- Wage rates --- Working class --- Wages --- Labor market --- Human capital --- Labor mobility --- Manpower --- Manpower policy --- Business cycles --- Depressions --- Income --- Labor costs --- Compensation management --- Cost and standard of living --- Prices --- Recessions --- Labor supply --- E-books

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International finance --- Foreign exchange rates --- Prices --- Cost --- Competition, International --- Statistical methods. --- -Cost --- -Foreign exchange rates --- -Prices --- -prix --- concurrence --- international --- taux de change --- AA* / International - Internationaal --- 333.450 --- 380.23 --- 333.451.1 --- Commercial products --- Commodity prices --- Justum pretium --- Price theory --- Consumption (Economics) --- Costs, Industrial --- Money --- Cost and standard of living --- Supply and demand --- Value --- Wages --- Willingness to pay --- Exchange rates --- Fixed exchange rates --- Flexible exchange rates --- Floating exchange rates --- Fluctuating exchange rates --- Foreign exchange --- Rates of exchange --- Costs (Economics) --- Expenses --- Economics --- Contingent fees --- International competition --- World economics --- International relations --- International trade --- War --- Statistical methods --- prijzen --- concurrentie --- internationaal --- wisselkoers --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit. --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen. --- Wisselkoersen. --- Rates --- Economic aspects --- Working papers --- prix --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit --- Wisselkoersen --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen --- Foreign exchange rates - Statistical methods. --- Prices - Statistical methods. --- Cost - Statistical methods. --- Competition, International - Statistical methods.

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Prices in the Russian Federation have been decontrolled in several steps since early 1991, after decades of near fixity. This paper documents and analyzes the behavior of prices, income, consumption, and savings before and after the January 1992 price liberalization, with emphasis on developments during 1992, and with focus on households more than on enterprises. Comparisons are made with recent experience in Central and Eastern Europe, along with consideration of evidence on shortages and income distribution.

Prices --- Russian Federation --- Income distribution --- Government policy --- 338.53 <47> --- 338.5 <47> --- 330.56 <47> --- 330.567 <47> --- -338 --- (47+57) --- $?$93/11 --- politique des prix --- revenus --- agents economiques --- russie --- -Income distribution --- 330.05 --- 339.4947 --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Commercial products --- Commodity prices --- Justum pretium --- Price theory --- Consumption (Economics) --- Cost --- Costs, Industrial --- Money --- Cost and standard of living --- Supply and demand --- Value --- Wages --- Willingness to pay --- Overheidsinvloed op prijsvorming. Prijzenpolitiek van de overheid--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Prijsvorming. Prijskostenverhouding. Prijsbeweging. Prijsfluctuatie--macroeconomisch; prijsindex zie {336.748.12}--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Bestedingen. Consumptie. Verbruik. Overconsumptie. Onderconsumptie. Koopkracht. Bestedingsmotieven. Huishoudelijke uitgaven. Gebruik van diensten--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- -prijsbeleid --- inkomens --- economische agenten --- rusland --- -Prices --- -338.53 <47> --- 330.567 <47> Bestedingen. Consumptie. Verbruik. Overconsumptie. Onderconsumptie. Koopkracht. Bestedingsmotieven. Huishoudelijke uitgaven. Gebruik van diensten--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 330.56 <47> Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 338.5 <47> Prijsvorming. Prijskostenverhouding. Prijsbeweging. Prijsfluctuatie--macroeconomisch; prijsindex zie {336.748.12}--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 338.53 <47> Overheidsinvloed op prijsvorming. Prijzenpolitiek van de overheid--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Russia --- 338 --- prijsbeleid --- Prices - Government policy - Russia (Federation) --- Income distribution - Russia (Federation) --- Inflation --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Investments: Stocks --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Income --- Real wages --- Producer prices --- National accounts --- Minimum wage